Separation

Classical troff output had strange requirements on whitespace. The groff output parser, however, is smart about whitespace by making it maximally optional. The whitespace characters, i.e., the tab, space, and newline characters, always have a syntactical meaning. They are never printable because spacing within the output is always done by positioning commands. Any sequence of space or tab characters is treated as a single syntactical space. It separates commands and arguments, but is only required when there would occur a clashing between the command code and the arguments without the space. Most often, this happens when variable length command names, arguments, argument lists, or command clusters meet. Commands and arguments with a known, fixed length need not be separated by syntactical space. A line break is a syntactical element, too. Every command argument can be followed by whitespace, a comment, or a newline character. Thus a syntactical line break is defined to consist of optional syntactical space that is optionally followed by a comment, and a newline character. The normal commands, those for positioning and text, consist of a single letter taking a fixed number of arguments. For historical reasons, the parser allows to stack such commands on the same line, but fortunately, in groff intermediate output, every command with at least one argument is followed by a line break, thus providing excellent readability. The other commands — those for drawing and device controlling — have a more complicated structure; some recognize long command names, and some take a variable number of arguments. So all D and x commands were designed to request a syntactical line break after their last argument. Only one command, `x X' has an argument that can stretch over several lines, all other commands must have all of their arguments on the same line as the command, i.e., the arguments may not be split by a line break. Empty lines, i.e., lines containing only space and/or a comment, can occur everywhere. They are just ignored.

Argument Units

Some commands take integer arguments that are assumed to represent values in a measurement unit, but the letter for the corresponding scale indicator is not written with the output command arguments; see groff(7) and the groff info file for more on this topic. Most commands assume the scale indicator u, the basic unit of the device, some use z, the scaled point unit of the device, while others, such as the color commands expect plain integers. Note that these scale indicators are relative to the chosen device. They are defined by the parameters specified in the device's DESC file; see groff_font(5). Note that single characters can have the eighth bit set, as can the names of fonts and special characters (this is, glyphs). The names of glyphs and fonts can be of arbitrary length. A glyph that is to be printed will always be in the current font. A string argument is always terminated by the next whitespace character (space, tab, or newline); an embedded # character is regarded as part of the argument, not as the beginning of a comment command. An integer argument is already terminated by the next non-digit character, which then is regarded as the first character of the next argument or command.

Document Parts

A correct intermediate output document consists of two parts, the prologue and the body. The task of the prologue is to set the general device parameters using three exactly specified commands. The groff prologue is guaranteed to consist of the following three lines (in that order): with the arguments set as outlined in the section Device Control Commands. However, the parser for the intermediate output format is able to swallow additional whitespace and comments as well. The body is the main section for processing the document data. Syntactically, it is a sequence of any commands different from the ones used in the prologue. Processing is terminated as soon as the first x stop command is encountered; the last line of any groff intermediate output always contains such a command. Semantically, the body is page oriented. A new page is started by a p command. Positioning, writing, and drawing commands are always done within the current page, so they cannot occur before the first p command. Absolute positioning (by the H and V commands) is done relative to the current page, all other positioning is done relative to the current location within this page.

Comment Command

#anything⟨end-of-line⟩

A comment. Ignore any characters from the # character up to the next newline character.

This command is the only possibility for commenting in the intermediate output. Each comment can be preceded by arbitrary syntactical space; every command can be terminated by a comment.

Simple Commands

The commands in this subsection have a command code consisting of a single character, taking a fixed number of arguments. Most of them are commands for positioning and text writing. These commands are smart about whitespace. Optionally, syntactical space can be inserted before, after, and between the command letter and its arguments. All of these commands are stackable, i.e., they can be preceded by other simple commands or followed by arbitrary other commands on the same line. A separating syntactical space is only necessary when two integer arguments would clash or if the preceding argument ends with a string argument.

C ,xxx/⟨white-space⟩

Print a glyph (special character) named xxx. The trailing syntactical space or line break is necessary to allow glyph names of arbitrary length. The glyph is printed at the current print position; the glyph's size is read from the font file. The print position is not changed.

c ,c/

Print glyph with single-letter name c at the current print position; the glyph's size is read from the font file. The print position is not changed.

f ,n/

Set font to font number n (a non-negative integer).

H ,n/

Move right to the absolute vertical position n (a non-negative integer in basic units u) relative to left edge of current page.

h ,n/

Move n (a non-negative integer) basic units u horizontally to the right. [CSTR #54] allows negative values for n also, but groff doesn't use this.

m ,color-scheme [component ...]/

Set the color for text (glyphs), line drawing, and the outline of graphic objects using different color schemes; the analoguous command for the filling color of graphic objects is DF. The color components are specified as integer arguments between 0 and 65536. The number of color components and their meaning vary for the different color schemes. These commands are generated by the groff escape sequence \m. No position changing. These commands are a groff extension.

N ,n/

Print glyph with index n (an integer, normally non-negative) of the current font. The print position is not changed. If -T html or -T xhtml is used, negative values are emitted also to indicate an unbreakable space with given width. For example, N -193 represents an unbreakable space which has a width of 193u. This command is a groff extension.

n ,b a/

Inform the device about a line break, but no positioning is done by this command. In classical troff, the integer arguments b and a informed about the space before and after the current line to make the intermediate output more human readable without performing any action. In groff, they are just ignored, but they must be provided for compatibility reasons.

p ,n/

Begin a new page in the outprint. The page number is set to n. This page is completely independent of pages formerly processed even if those have the same page number. The vertical position on the outprint is automatically set to 0. All positioning, writing, and drawing is always done relative to a page, so a p command must be issued before any of these commands.

s ,n/

Set point size to n scaled points (this is unit z in GNU troff). Classical troff used the unit points (p) instead; see section COMPATIBILITY.

t ,xyz.../⟨white-space⟩

t ,xyz... dummy-arg/⟨white-space⟩ Print a word, i.e., a sequence of glyphs with single-letter names x, y, z, etc., terminated by a space character or a line break; an optional second integer argument is ignored (this allows the formatter to generate an even number of arguments). The first glyph should be printed at the current position, the current horizontal position should then be increased by the width of the first glyph, and so on for each glyph. The widths of the glyph are read from the font file, scaled for the current point size, and rounded to a multiple of the horizontal resolution. Special characters (glyphs with names longer than a single letter) cannot be printed using this command; use the C command for those glyphs. This command is a groff extension; it is only used for devices whose DESC file contains the tcommand keyword; see groff_font(5).

u ,n xyz.../⟨white-space⟩

Print word with track kerning. This is the same as the t command except that after printing each glyph, the current horizontal position is increased by the sum of the width of that glyph and n (an integer in basic units u). This command is a groff extension; it is only used for devices whose DESC file contains the tcommand keyword; see groff_font(5).

V ,n/

Move down to the absolute vertical position n (a non-negative integer in basic units u) relative to upper edge of current page.

v ,n/

Move n basic units u down (n is a non-negative integer). [CSTR #54] allows negative values for n also, but groff doesn't use this.

w ,/

Informs about a paddable whitespace to increase readability. The spacing itself must be performed explicitly by a move command.

Graphics Commands

Each graphics or drawing command in the intermediate output starts with the letter D followed by one or two characters that specify a subcommand; this is followed by a fixed or variable number of integer arguments that are separated by a single space character. A D command may not be followed by another command on the same line (apart from a comment), so each D command is terminated by a syntactical line break. troff output follows the classical spacing rules (no space between command and subcommand, all arguments are preceded by a single space character), but the parser allows optional space between the command letters and makes the space before the first argument optional. As usual, each space can be any sequence of tab and space characters. Some graphics commands can take a variable number of arguments. In this case, they are integers representing a size measured in basic units u. The h arguments stand for horizontal distances where positive means right, negative left. The v arguments stand for vertical distances where positive means down, negative up. All these distances are offsets relative to the current location. Unless indicated otherwise, each graphics command directly corresponds to a similar groff \D escape sequence; see groff(7). Unknown D commands are assumed to be device-specific. Its arguments are parsed as strings; the whole information is then sent to the postprocessor. In the following command reference, the syntax element ⟨line-break⟩ means a syntactical line break as defined in section Separation.

D~ h1 v1 h2 v2 ... hn vn⟨line-break⟩

Draw B-spline from current position to offset (,h1/, ,v1/), then to offset (,h2/, ,v2/) if given, etc., up to (,hn/, ,vn/). This command takes a variable number of argument pairs; the current position is moved to the terminal point of the drawn curve.

Da h1 v1 h2 v2⟨line-break⟩

Draw arc from current position to (,h1/, ,v1/)+(,h2/, ,v2/) with center at (,h1/, ,v1/); then move the current position to the final point of the arc.

DC ,d/⟨line-break⟩

DC ,d dummy-arg/⟨line-break⟩ Draw a solid circle using the current fill color with diameter d (integer in basic units u) with leftmost point at the current position; then move the current position to the rightmost point of the circle. An optional second integer argument is ignored (this allows to the formatter to generate an even number of arguments). This command is a groff extension.

Dc ,d/⟨line-break⟩

Draw circle line with diameter d (integer in basic units u) with leftmost point at the current position; then move the current position to the rightmost point of the circle.

DE ,h v/⟨line-break⟩

Draw a solid ellipse in the current fill color with a horizontal diameter of h and a vertical diameter of v (both integers in basic units u) with the leftmost point at the current position; then move to the rightmost point of the ellipse. This command is a groff extension.

De ,h v/⟨line-break⟩

Draw an outlined ellipse with a horizontal diameter of h and a vertical diameter of v (both integers in basic units u) with the leftmost point at current position; then move to the rightmost point of the ellipse.

DF ,color-scheme [component ...]/⟨line-break⟩

Set fill color for solid drawing objects using different color schemes; the analoguous command for setting the color of text, line graphics, and the outline of graphic objects is m. The color components are specified as integer arguments between 0 and 65536. The number of color components and their meaning vary for the different color schemes. These commands are generated by the groff escape sequences \D'F ...' and \M (with no other corresponding graphics commands). No position changing. This command is a groff extension.

Df ,n/⟨line-break⟩

The argument n must be an integer in the range -32767 to 32767.

Dl ,h v/⟨line-break⟩

Draw line from current position to offset (,h/, ,v/) (integers in basic units u); then set current position to the end of the drawn line.

Dp h1 v1 h2 v2 ... hn vn⟨line-break⟩

Draw a polygon line from current position to offset (,h1/, ,v1/), from there to offset (,h2/, ,v2/), etc., up to offset (,hn/, ,vn/), and from there back to the starting position. For historical reasons, the position is changed by adding the sum of all arguments with odd index to the actual horizontal position and the even ones to the vertical position. Although this doesn't make sense it is kept for compatibility. This command is a groff extension.

DP h1 v1 h2 v2 ... hn vn⟨line-break⟩

The same macro as the corresponding Dp command with the same arguments, but draws a solid polygon in the current fill color rather than an outlined polygon. The position is changed in the same way as with Dp. This command is a groff extension.

Dt ,n/⟨line-break⟩

Set the current line thickness to n (an integer in basic units u) if n>0; if n=0 select the smallest available line thickness; if n<0 set the line thickness proportional to the point size (this is the default before the first Dt command was specified). For historical reasons, the horizontal position is changed by adding the argument to the actual horizontal position, while the vertical position is not changed. Although this doesn't make sense it is kept for compatibility. This command is a groff extension.

Device Control Commands

Each device control command starts with the letter x followed by a space character (optional or arbitrary space/tab in groff) and a subcommand letter or word; each argument (if any) must be preceded by a syntactical space. All x commands are terminated by a syntactical line break; no device control command can be followed by another command on the same line (except a comment). The subcommand is basically a single letter, but to increase readability, it can be written as a word, i.e., an arbitrary sequence of characters terminated by the next tab, space, or newline character. All characters of the subcommand word but the first are simply ignored. For example, troff outputs the initialization command x i as x init and the resolution command x r as x res. But writings like x i_like_groff and x roff_is_groff are accepted as well to mean the same commands. In the following, the syntax element ⟨line-break⟩ means a syntactical line break as defined in section Separation.

xF name⟨line-break⟩

(Filename control command)

 

Use name as the intended name for the current file in error reports. This is useful for remembering the original file name when groff uses an internal piping mechanism. The input file is not changed by this command. This command is a groff extension.

xf n s⟨line-break⟩

(font control command)

 

Mount font position n (a non-negative integer) with font named s (a text word), cf. groff_font(5).

xH n⟨line-break⟩

(Height control command)

 

Set character height to n (a positive integer in scaled points z). Classical troff used the unit points (p) instead; see section COMPATIBILITY.

xi ⟨line-break⟩

(init control command)

 

Initialize device. This is the third command of the prologue.

xp ⟨line-break⟩

(pause control command)

 

Parsed but ignored. The classical documentation reads pause device, can be restarted.

xr n h v⟨line-break⟩

(resolution control command)

 

Resolution is n, while h is the minimal horizontal motion, and v the minimal vertical motion possible with this device; all arguments are positive integers in basic units u per inch. This is the second command of the prologue.

xS n⟨line-break⟩

(Slant control command)

 

Set slant to n degrees (an integer in basic units u).

xs ⟨line-break⟩

(stop control command)

 

Terminates the processing of the current file; issued as the last command of any intermediate troff output.

xt ⟨line-break⟩

(trailer control command)

 

Generate trailer information, if any. In groff, this is actually just ignored.

xT xxx⟨line-break⟩

(Typesetter control command)

 

Set name of device to word xxx, a sequence of characters ended by the next whitespace character. The possible device names coincide with those from the groff -T option. This is the first command of the prologue.

xu n⟨line-break⟩

(underline control command)

 

Configure underlining of spaces. If n is 1, start underlining of spaces; if n is 0, stop underlining of spaces. This is needed for the cu request in nroff mode and is ignored otherwise. This command is a groff extension.

xX anything⟨line-break⟩

(X-escape control command)

 

Send string anything uninterpreted to the device. If the line following this command starts with a + character this line is interpreted as a continuation line in the following sense. The + is ignored, but a newline character is sent instead to the device, the rest of the line is sent uninterpreted. The same applies to all following lines until the first character of a line is not a + character. This command is generated by the groff escape sequence \X. The line-continuing feature is a groff extension.

Obsolete Command

In classical troff output, emitting a single glyph was mostly done by a very strange command that combined a horizontal move and the printing of a glyph. It didn't have a command code, but is represented by a 3-character argument consisting of exactly 2 digits and a character.

ddc

Move right dd (exactly two decimal digits) basic units u, then print glyph with single-letter name c.

For modern high-resolution devices, this command does not make sense because the width of the glyphs can become much larger than two decimal digits. In groff, this is only used for the devices X75, X75-12, X100, and X100-12. For other devices, the commands t and u provide a better functionality.